22.7+Nitrogen

22.7 Nitrogen





Properties

3 Mg + N2 → Mg3N2
 * Nitrogen is a nonmetal that is the largest single constituent of the Earth's atmosphere (78%)
 * Nitrogen is also found in the Earth's crust (in the form of nitrates), in organic form (living or dead plants and organisms), and in mineral form (ammonia).
 * As a gas, it is neutral and colorless.
 * N2 has a triple bond and is therefore highly nonreactive.[[image:ammonia.gif width="160" height="137" align="right" caption="Nitride ions are strong bases and react with water to form ammonia"]]
 * Nitrogen forms compounds at high temperatures or at moderate temperature with the aid of catalysts.
 * It forms nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide with oxygen, ammonia with hydrogen, and nitrogen sulfide with sulfur.
 * At high temperatures, nitrogen forms nitrides with metals, such as lithium, magnesium and titanium.
 * Oxidation states from +5 to -3 (most common are 5, 0, and -3)
 * When substances burn, they usually react with O2, but some(such as magnesium and lithium) can burn in Nitrogen:


 * it has 2 stable isotopes: 14N and 15N

Uses


 * Nitrogen gas can be obtained through fractional distillation of liquid air.
 * **Liquid nitrogen** is exists between -346°F and -320.44°F.
 * Since nitrogen does not react easily, it is used as a in the manufacturing of chemicals
 * Fertilizers
 * Nitrogen fixation: the process by which nitrogen is converted to ammonia. This process is essential for life it is required for the building blocks of nucleotides for DNA and RNA and amino acids for proteins.

Hydrogen Compounds of Nitrogen NaOH (aq) + NH4Cl (s) ---> NaCl (aq) + H2O (l) + **NH3** (g)
 * Ammonia**(NH3)

**Hydrazine**(N2H4) is another hydride. it is a strong reducing agent and is often used as rocket fuel. 2NH3 + OCl- --> N2H4 + Cl- + H2O

Oxides and Oxyacids **OXIDES ** Nitrogen forms three oxides: __N2O(nitrous oxide), NO(nitric oxide), NO2(nitrogen dioxide)__

**Nitrous Oxide**, aka laughing gas, is formed by heating ammonium nitrate.

NH4NO3(g) ---> **N2O**(g) + 2H2O(l)

**Nitric Oxide** is produced through the first of three steps of the Ostwald Process (see YouTube video) The Ostwald Process converts NH3 to form HNO3(nitric acid).

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">4 __NH3__(g) + 5 O2(g) 4 NO(g) + 6 H2O(g) <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">2 NO(g) + O2(g) 2 NO2(g) <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">3 NO2(g) + H2O(l) 2 HNO3(aq) + __NO__(g)

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">For the step-by-step explanation of the Ostwald process: <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">[]

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">**Nitrogen Dioxide** typically is formed through the oxidation of nitric oxide by oxygen in air. 2 NO + O2 → 2 NO2

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">the most comon oxyacids of nitrogn are nitric acid(HNO)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">OXYACIDS **


 * Nitric Acid** is a strong acid and is often an oxidation agent. It will oxidize most metals except Au, Pt, Rh, and Ir. It is used for fertilizers and is an ingredient of many explosives such as trinitrotoluene (TNT).

H2SO4 + 2NaNO2 -->2 + Na2SO4
 * Nitrous Acid** is less stable than nitric acid and is often formed by the reaction of sulfuric acid and sodium nitrite.

MORE INFO: experiments with liquid nitrogen: []

Sources: Brown, Theodore, H. Eugene LeMay, Bruce Bursten, and Catherine Murphy. "22.7 Nitrogen." Chemistry: The Central Science. 11th ed. Upper Saddle: Pearson College Div, 2011. Print.

"Nitrogen - Wolfram|Alpha." //Wolfram|Alpha: Computational Knowledge Engine//. Web. 24 Mar. 2011. <http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=nitrogen&a=*C.nitrogen-_*Chemical->.